A-fib (Atrial fibrillation) is an irregular heartbeat condition where the heart's atria beat chaotically and rapidly, out of coordination with the heart's lower chambers (ventricles). Understanding APC (Atrial Premature Complexes) can help in comprehending A-fib.
So, how can we identify A-fib's EKG waveform?
To put it simply, if APCs are consistently present and P-waves are difficult to identify, it's considered A-fib. Let's look at the following three EKG waveforms and identify the A-fib EKG:
Answer: EKG waveforms 1 and 2 can be considered as A-fib.
In waveform 1, it's evident that P-waves are difficult to identify. In waveform 2, APCs are consistently present, suggesting A-fib.
In summary, to identify A-fib waveform:
If P-waves are absent or irregular OR
If QRS intervals are irregularly irregular
Then, A-fib should be suspected.
Now, how do we differentiate between APC and A-fib? Though exact criteria might vary, in clinical practice, if two or more APCs are visible on the waveform, we initially suspect A-fib.
So, how should we manage A-fib if detected?
First, let's understand A-fib with rapid ventricular response (RVR). In RVR, the heart rate is above 100 beats per minute, causing fluctuations in the heart rate due to the irregular QRS complexes in A-fib. In such cases, rapid action is necessary as low blood pressure or clotting can occur.
So, after confirming A-fib through 12-lead EKG, treatment typically involves medications like beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, or amiodarone, administered intravenously or orally. Treatment may vary depending on the hospital or physician.
In my case, administering beta blockers and loading with amiodarone intravenously was followed by continuous infusion according to the patient's response.
Lastly, it's essential to distinguish A-fib from other conditions like shivering or noise on the waveform, which might resemble A-fib.
To conclude, A-fib is a condition where the atria beat irregularly due to malfunctioning, impacting the heart's pumping function and potentially lowering blood pressure or causing blood clots. It's classified into three types: with rapid ventricular response (RVR), slow ventricular response (SVR), or controlled ventricular response (CVR), depending on the heart rate.
We usually treat A-fib with RVR if symptomatic or if the physician deems it necessary. Monitoring EKGs closely during clinical practice will help in identifying A-fib more confidently with experience.
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